Monday, January 13, 2014
Wednesday, January 8, 2014
Monday, January 6, 2014
King Farouk's succession in Egypt Life Arabic
Richard Cavendish remembers King Farouk's succession to the Egyptian throne on April 28th, 1936.
Cairo Crowd
His appetite for women was insatiable and his aides kept him supplied with prostitutes and European chorus girls. He also proved to be embarrassingly prone to kleptomania at home and abroad.
Farouk had inherited his father’s autocratic dislike of parliamentary democracy and of the Wafd political party, which was running the administration until a rigged election in 1938 got rid of them. They were followed by Farouk-backed coalition governments that aroused increasing dissatisfaction until the British, angered by the king’s pro-Italian, pro-Axis sympathies, imposed a Wafd ministry on the country in 1942. That in turn inflamed nationalist opposition and after the failed war against Israel in 1948 a group of army officers mounted a successful coup in 1952 and forced Farouk to abdicate. The monarchy was abolished the following year and Farouk lived in exile abroad until he dropped dead in a restaurant in Rome in 1965 at the age of 45, of a heart attack after a gigantic dinner.
...........................................
King Farouk was thirty-two when he lost his throne on July 26th, 1952. He had been King of Egypt for sixteen years.
Paunchy, balding and bloated, Farouk was thirty-two when he lost his throne. The Egyptian monarchy had been set up by the British in the 1920s and Farouk had been king for sixteen years since succeeding his father, Fuad I, in 1936. Sir Miles Lampson, the British high commissioner, described him in a report to the Foreign Office in 1937 as ‘uneducated, lazy, untruthful, capricious, irresponsible and vain, though with a quick superficial intelligence and charm of manner’. Farouk’s attempts to introduce reforms made little progress against the Egyptian establishment of politicians and major landowners. He also butted his head vainly against the British and by 1949 he was despised at home and abroad as an ineffectual playboy.
By that time a group of Egyptian army and airforce officers was secretly planning a revolution to get rid of both the British and the entrenched Egyptian regime. They had all been stung by ignominious defeat in the Arab-Israeli war of 1948 and they blamed the King, the politicians and the corruption endemic in the system. The Free Officers, as they called themselves, gathered substantial support among the officer corps. Their leader was Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser and Anwar Sadat was one of them. Many of them had been at the Military Academy in Cairo in the later 1930s and, according to Sadat, a secret officers’ revolutionary society had been founded as early as 1939. Nasser was a teacher at the Military Academy in the 1940s and influenced many up-and-coming young officers.
The Egyptian army had long been controlled by the king, but Farouk’s scandalous and grotesquely self-indulgent lifestyle and the belief that some of his closest associates had profited by supplying defective weapons and munitions to the forces had eroded the army’s loyalty. At the end of 1951 the Free Officers ran their own slate of candidates for election to the board of directors of the Officers’ Club in Cairo. Their candidate for club president was General Mohammed Neguib, one of the few high-ranking officers who had distinguished himself in the war. The King personally endorsed rival candidates of his own, but the Free Officers’ candidates won.
Farouk regarded his election defeat as evidence of a seditious conspiracy in the officer corps, as indeed it was. His efforts to recover control drove the plotters to drastic action. They feared that their counsels had been penetrated by informers and that they were in imminent danger of arrest.
The decision to attempt a coup seems to have been taken early in the morning of July 22nd. At midnight, while the court was enjoying a late champagne and caviar picnic in Alexandria, some 200 officers and 3,000 troops took control of army headquarters and put senior officers under arrest. Troops occupied the airport, the Cairo broadcasting station and the telecommunications centre, and tanks and infantry patrolled the Cairo streets. There was no opposition and at 7am on July 23rd Sadat announced the take-over on Cairo radio.
Farouk, at his summer palace in Alexandria, has been criticised for not immediately taking command of the troops there. Apparently, he turned that course down for fear of causing civil war and bloodshed. Instead he appealed to the American ambassador for help, but the Americans had no confidence in him and the CIA had been encouraging the plotters, whose armoured columns now took control of Alexandria. The British force in the Canal Zone made no move to interfere. Farouk betook himself to the Ras el-Tin palace by the western harbour in Alexandria, but the coup leaders ordered the captain of his seagoing yacht, the Mahroussa, not to sail without their orders.
Some of the rebel officers wanted Farouk knocked on the head, but early on Saturday the 26th, with the Ras el-Tin palace surrounded by troops, he was ordered to abdicate and clear out. He complied, almost in tears, and at 6pm that evening he sailed for Naples with his wife and children, seen off politely by General Neguib to the strains of the Egyptian national anthem and a 21-gun salute. He had to leave a thousand suits and his pornographic necktie collection behind, but with him went crates labelled champagne and whisky which had been surreptitiously packed with gold bars. His baby son, Prince Ahmed Fuad, was proclaimed king and a regency council appointed. In September, however, Egypt became a republic, with General Neguib as president. He was a figurehead who would soon be ousted by Nasser.
Meanwhile, Farouk had made for Capri and stayed, ironically enough, at the Eden Paradiso Hotel to begin with, eventually settling in Monaco. He died in Rome in 1965, soon after his forty-fifth birthday, after collapsing at a restaurant where he had been entertaining a blonde of twenty-two to a midnight supper. He had once been reported as saying: ‘There will soon be only five kings left: the kings of England, diamonds, hearts, spades and clubs.’
http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/king-farouks-succession-egypt
Succeeding his father King Fuad at the age of 16 Farouk was formally crowned in Cairo the following year as King of Egypt and of Sudan, Sovereign of Nubia, of Kordofan and of Darfur. In a complete break with tradition he went on the radio to speak to his subjects in Arabic. ‘And if it is Allah’s will,’ he told them, ‘to lay on my shoulders at such an early age the responsibility of kingship, I on my part appreciate the duties that will be mine, and I am prepared for all sacrifices in the cause of my duty …’ .
Farouk was popular at first, but in time the extent of his sacrifices came to seem distinctly limited. He said his prayers regularly, he abstained from alcohol, he spoke fluent Arabic (none of his predecessors had ever learned Arabic – they all spoke Turkish) and for a change he was not a British puppet. But he poured out money in enormous quantities, grew grossly fat by overeating and made frequent wildly expensive shopping trips to Europe.Cairo CrowdFarouk had inherited his father’s autocratic dislike of parliamentary democracy and of the Wafd political party, which was running the administration until a rigged election in 1938 got rid of them. They were followed by Farouk-backed coalition governments that aroused increasing dissatisfaction until the British, angered by the king’s pro-Italian, pro-Axis sympathies, imposed a Wafd ministry on the country in 1942. That in turn inflamed nationalist opposition and after the failed war against Israel in 1948 a group of army officers mounted a successful coup in 1952 and forced Farouk to abdicate. The monarchy was abolished the following year and Farouk lived in exile abroad until he dropped dead in a restaurant in Rome in 1965 at the age of 45, of a heart attack after a gigantic dinner.
...........................................
King Farouk was thirty-two when he lost his throne on July 26th, 1952. He had been King of Egypt for sixteen years.
Paunchy, balding and bloated, Farouk was thirty-two when he lost his throne. The Egyptian monarchy had been set up by the British in the 1920s and Farouk had been king for sixteen years since succeeding his father, Fuad I, in 1936. Sir Miles Lampson, the British high commissioner, described him in a report to the Foreign Office in 1937 as ‘uneducated, lazy, untruthful, capricious, irresponsible and vain, though with a quick superficial intelligence and charm of manner’. Farouk’s attempts to introduce reforms made little progress against the Egyptian establishment of politicians and major landowners. He also butted his head vainly against the British and by 1949 he was despised at home and abroad as an ineffectual playboy.By that time a group of Egyptian army and airforce officers was secretly planning a revolution to get rid of both the British and the entrenched Egyptian regime. They had all been stung by ignominious defeat in the Arab-Israeli war of 1948 and they blamed the King, the politicians and the corruption endemic in the system. The Free Officers, as they called themselves, gathered substantial support among the officer corps. Their leader was Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser and Anwar Sadat was one of them. Many of them had been at the Military Academy in Cairo in the later 1930s and, according to Sadat, a secret officers’ revolutionary society had been founded as early as 1939. Nasser was a teacher at the Military Academy in the 1940s and influenced many up-and-coming young officers.
The Egyptian army had long been controlled by the king, but Farouk’s scandalous and grotesquely self-indulgent lifestyle and the belief that some of his closest associates had profited by supplying defective weapons and munitions to the forces had eroded the army’s loyalty. At the end of 1951 the Free Officers ran their own slate of candidates for election to the board of directors of the Officers’ Club in Cairo. Their candidate for club president was General Mohammed Neguib, one of the few high-ranking officers who had distinguished himself in the war. The King personally endorsed rival candidates of his own, but the Free Officers’ candidates won.
Farouk regarded his election defeat as evidence of a seditious conspiracy in the officer corps, as indeed it was. His efforts to recover control drove the plotters to drastic action. They feared that their counsels had been penetrated by informers and that they were in imminent danger of arrest.
The decision to attempt a coup seems to have been taken early in the morning of July 22nd. At midnight, while the court was enjoying a late champagne and caviar picnic in Alexandria, some 200 officers and 3,000 troops took control of army headquarters and put senior officers under arrest. Troops occupied the airport, the Cairo broadcasting station and the telecommunications centre, and tanks and infantry patrolled the Cairo streets. There was no opposition and at 7am on July 23rd Sadat announced the take-over on Cairo radio.
Farouk, at his summer palace in Alexandria, has been criticised for not immediately taking command of the troops there. Apparently, he turned that course down for fear of causing civil war and bloodshed. Instead he appealed to the American ambassador for help, but the Americans had no confidence in him and the CIA had been encouraging the plotters, whose armoured columns now took control of Alexandria. The British force in the Canal Zone made no move to interfere. Farouk betook himself to the Ras el-Tin palace by the western harbour in Alexandria, but the coup leaders ordered the captain of his seagoing yacht, the Mahroussa, not to sail without their orders.
Some of the rebel officers wanted Farouk knocked on the head, but early on Saturday the 26th, with the Ras el-Tin palace surrounded by troops, he was ordered to abdicate and clear out. He complied, almost in tears, and at 6pm that evening he sailed for Naples with his wife and children, seen off politely by General Neguib to the strains of the Egyptian national anthem and a 21-gun salute. He had to leave a thousand suits and his pornographic necktie collection behind, but with him went crates labelled champagne and whisky which had been surreptitiously packed with gold bars. His baby son, Prince Ahmed Fuad, was proclaimed king and a regency council appointed. In September, however, Egypt became a republic, with General Neguib as president. He was a figurehead who would soon be ousted by Nasser.
Meanwhile, Farouk had made for Capri and stayed, ironically enough, at the Eden Paradiso Hotel to begin with, eventually settling in Monaco. He died in Rome in 1965, soon after his forty-fifth birthday, after collapsing at a restaurant where he had been entertaining a blonde of twenty-two to a midnight supper. He had once been reported as saying: ‘There will soon be only five kings left: the kings of England, diamonds, hearts, spades and clubs.’
http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/king-farouks-succession-egypt
Sunday, January 5, 2014
the meaning of Egypt
Basically, we can examine three groups of names which have applied to Egypt. In
the early period of Egypt, during the Old Kingdom, Egypt was referred to as
Kemet (Kermit), or simply Kmt , which means the Black land. They called
themselves "remetch en Kermet", which means the "People of the Black Land". The
term refers to the rich soil found in the Nile Valley and Delta. But it was also
sometimes referred to as Deshret, or dshrt , which refers to the "Red Land", or
deserts of which Egypt is mostly comprised.
Later, Egyptians referred to their country as "Hwt-ka-Ptah" (Ht-ka-Ptah, or Hout-ak Ptah) , which means "Temple for Ka of Ptah", or more properly, "House of the Ka of Ptah" Ptah was one of Egypt's earliest Gods. As in modern Egypt, this was both a name for the administrative center of Egypt, what we call Memphis today, as well as the name of the country as a whole.
Egypt, as many people of the world refer to the country today, is a derivative of this ancient name. Even today, people who speak one language often change the spelling of words in another language because of the difficulty they may have in pronouncing some of the sounds of that foreign language. Hence, in pronouncing Hwt-ka-Ptah, the Greeks changed this world to Aegyptus (Aigyptos), which they used in their literature as the name of an Egyptian King (perhaps Ramesses, though in a fictional manner), the Nile River and for the country itself. We find the word used by Homer in his famous "Odyssey. We believe the Greeks had difficulties with the Egyptian pronunciation of the letter "H" at the beginning and end of Hwt-ka-Ptah.
Today, the word Egyptians often use for their country is Misr. This is probably derived from an ancient term, Mizraim which may have itself been derived from an ancient Egyptian word, md-r mdr , which people in the region called Egypt. Misr is an Arabic name simply meaning "country", and part of the tradition of this term in as a name for Egypt comes from the Islamic Quran. The term can also mean "fortress", or "castellated" , which refers to the natural protective boarders of Egypt which protected the country from invaders. This name can be extended as Misr El Mahrosa.
As a final note, it is interesting that the origin of "Coptic", a word which we today use to refer to the Christians of Egypt (and actually, the principle Christian church of Ethiopia, as well others throughout the world related to this form of Christianity), actually is derived from the word Copti. The Arabs who invaded Egypt in, like the Greeks, had problems pronouncing the term, Aegypti, which means "Egyptian citizen". Essentially, they changed the word to Copti. Of course, at that time, Egypt was a Christian nation, so the term became limited to actual Egyptian Christians as the country became more and more Muslim.
Later, Egyptians referred to their country as "Hwt-ka-Ptah" (Ht-ka-Ptah, or Hout-ak Ptah) , which means "Temple for Ka of Ptah", or more properly, "House of the Ka of Ptah" Ptah was one of Egypt's earliest Gods. As in modern Egypt, this was both a name for the administrative center of Egypt, what we call Memphis today, as well as the name of the country as a whole.
Egypt, as many people of the world refer to the country today, is a derivative of this ancient name. Even today, people who speak one language often change the spelling of words in another language because of the difficulty they may have in pronouncing some of the sounds of that foreign language. Hence, in pronouncing Hwt-ka-Ptah, the Greeks changed this world to Aegyptus (Aigyptos), which they used in their literature as the name of an Egyptian King (perhaps Ramesses, though in a fictional manner), the Nile River and for the country itself. We find the word used by Homer in his famous "Odyssey. We believe the Greeks had difficulties with the Egyptian pronunciation of the letter "H" at the beginning and end of Hwt-ka-Ptah.
Today, the word Egyptians often use for their country is Misr. This is probably derived from an ancient term, Mizraim which may have itself been derived from an ancient Egyptian word, md-r mdr , which people in the region called Egypt. Misr is an Arabic name simply meaning "country", and part of the tradition of this term in as a name for Egypt comes from the Islamic Quran. The term can also mean "fortress", or "castellated" , which refers to the natural protective boarders of Egypt which protected the country from invaders. This name can be extended as Misr El Mahrosa.
As a final note, it is interesting that the origin of "Coptic", a word which we today use to refer to the Christians of Egypt (and actually, the principle Christian church of Ethiopia, as well others throughout the world related to this form of Christianity), actually is derived from the word Copti. The Arabs who invaded Egypt in, like the Greeks, had problems pronouncing the term, Aegypti, which means "Egyptian citizen". Essentially, they changed the word to Copti. Of course, at that time, Egypt was a Christian nation, so the term became limited to actual Egyptian Christians as the country became more and more Muslim.
سليمان باشا الفرنساوى
سليمان باشا الفرنساوى كان راجل عسكرى جد من الطراز الاول ، ما كانتش فيه حاجه فى حياته الا الجيش و العسكر و التدريبات ، و كان عريض و مليان و عضلاته منفوخه و اشتهر بالعند و خشونة الطبع ، و بتتحكى قصه انه مره طلع مع العسكر فى رحله ترفيهيه و فى وقت الغدا بعت لهم عباس حلمى الاول اكل معتبر فيه ما لذ و طاب ، فلما شاف سليمان باشا الاكل ده اصر على ترجيعه للخديوى و قال هو عباس باشا ما يعرفش اننا عسكر ما بناكلش غير اكل العسكر !.
فى عهد الخديوى سعيد اتعملت امتحانات ترقيه للظباط اتفوق فيها... احمد عرابى و طلع الاول فطلب الخديوى من سليمان باشا الفرنساوى انه يمتحنه كمان مره بنفسه ، و بعد ما امتحنه طلب من الخديوى ترقيته لرتبة اميرالاى لإنه لقا انه بيعرف اكتر من اللى اخدو الرتبه دى ، فقاله الخديوى ده مش ممكن ابداً فقاله سليمان الفرنساوى خلاص يبقى يترقى على الاقل لرتبة بكباشى ، لكن الخديوى برضه ماوافقش و قاله انه لازم يتدرج فى الرتب واحده واحده عشان يعرف واجبات كل رتبه.
بيرجع الفضل لسليمان باشا الفرنساوى فى تطوير الجيش المصرى و تحويله من جيش تقليدى على النظم القديمه لجيش نظامى حديث قدر يتحدى الترك و يهزمهم و كان فى امكانه فتح استانبول عاصمة سلطنتهم.
اتجوزت بنته من شريف باشا رئيس النظاره المصريه و خلف منها بنت اتجوزت عبد الرحيم باشا صبرى ناظر الزراعه و بنتهم كانت نازلى صبرى ام الملك فاروق اللى اتعرفت بإسم الملكه نازلى.
اتوفى سليمان باشا الفرنساوى سنة 1860 و اندفن فى مصر القديمه جنب شارع " الفرنساوى " فى القاهره. مصر كرمته بحط تمثال ليه فى وسط القاهره فى الميدان اللى اتعرف بإسمه " ميدان سليمان باشا " و اتسمى شارع بإسمه . فرنسا كمان كرمته و ليه شارع بإسمه فى ليون اسمه " شارع الجنرال سيف سوليمان باشا " Rue du General Seve Soliman Pacha . لكن فى مصر بعد ما قامت ثورة 23 يوليه 1952 ، شالت الثوره التمثال مع غيره من تماثيل اسرة محمد على باشا و غيرت اسم الشارع و الميدان. تمثال سليمان باشا
فى عهد الخديوى سعيد اتعملت امتحانات ترقيه للظباط اتفوق فيها... احمد عرابى و طلع الاول فطلب الخديوى من سليمان باشا الفرنساوى انه يمتحنه كمان مره بنفسه ، و بعد ما امتحنه طلب من الخديوى ترقيته لرتبة اميرالاى لإنه لقا انه بيعرف اكتر من اللى اخدو الرتبه دى ، فقاله الخديوى ده مش ممكن ابداً فقاله سليمان الفرنساوى خلاص يبقى يترقى على الاقل لرتبة بكباشى ، لكن الخديوى برضه ماوافقش و قاله انه لازم يتدرج فى الرتب واحده واحده عشان يعرف واجبات كل رتبه.
بيرجع الفضل لسليمان باشا الفرنساوى فى تطوير الجيش المصرى و تحويله من جيش تقليدى على النظم القديمه لجيش نظامى حديث قدر يتحدى الترك و يهزمهم و كان فى امكانه فتح استانبول عاصمة سلطنتهم.
اتجوزت بنته من شريف باشا رئيس النظاره المصريه و خلف منها بنت اتجوزت عبد الرحيم باشا صبرى ناظر الزراعه و بنتهم كانت نازلى صبرى ام الملك فاروق اللى اتعرفت بإسم الملكه نازلى.
اتوفى سليمان باشا الفرنساوى سنة 1860 و اندفن فى مصر القديمه جنب شارع " الفرنساوى " فى القاهره. مصر كرمته بحط تمثال ليه فى وسط القاهره فى الميدان اللى اتعرف بإسمه " ميدان سليمان باشا " و اتسمى شارع بإسمه . فرنسا كمان كرمته و ليه شارع بإسمه فى ليون اسمه " شارع الجنرال سيف سوليمان باشا " Rue du General Seve Soliman Pacha . لكن فى مصر بعد ما قامت ثورة 23 يوليه 1952 ، شالت الثوره التمثال مع غيره من تماثيل اسرة محمد على باشا و غيرت اسم الشارع و الميدان. تمثال سليمان باشا
مشاركة من صديقة الصفحة :طلعت بيه الفرنساوى حفيد سليمان باشا الفرنساوى و ابناؤه عمرو
كان «محمد علي» في يفاعته
مجرد تاجر دخان في «قولة» كان معلمه «مسيو ليون» الفرنسي فأحب محمد على
الفرنسيين
كان لسليمان باشا الفرنساوى
الفضل فى تأسيس نواة الجيش المصرى الأولى التى أهلت مصر لتكون ندا للدول الأوروبية
القوية آنذاك، إنه الكولونيل الفرنسى سيف أحد المتخلفين عن الحملة الفرنسية فى مصر،
وقد استعان به محمد على باشا فى تأسيس أول جيش مصرى نظامى خالص على نمط الجيوش
الأوروبية الحديثة فى سياق مشروعه التحديثى لمصر.
وقال سليمان باشا : «إن العرب- يقصد المصريين- هم خير من رأيتهم من الجنود، فهم يجمعون بين النشاط والقناعة والجلد على المتاعب مع انشراح النفس وتوطينها على احتمال صنوف الحرمان، وهم بقليل من الخبز يسيرون طوال النهار يحدوهم الشدو والغناء، ولقد رأيتهم فى معركة (قونية)- فى ديسمبر ١٨٣٢ واستمرت سبع ساعات وانتهت بهزيمة ساحقة للعثمانيين- يبقون ساعات متوالية فى خط النار محتفظين بشجاعة ورباطة جأش تدعوان إلى الإعجاب دون أن تختل صفوفهم أو يسرى إليهم الملل أو يبدو منهم تقصير فى واجباتهم وحركاتهم الحربية».
فاتجهت أنظاره إلى الفلاحين، وبدأ من نقطة الصفر فعهد إلى الكولونيل سيف بمهمة تكوين النواة الأولى من الضباط الذين سوف يعاونونه على تدريب الجنود المصريين فاختار له ٥٠٠ من خاصة مماليكه ليبدأ بهم واختار له أسوان لتكون معسكرا لهذه المهمة بعيدا عن مؤامرات الجيش المختلط، واستغرقت عملية التدريب ثلاث سنوات واعتنق سيف الإسلام وأصبح اسمه سليمان،
«محمد علي» لم يزد على «العتاب الرقيق» لفرنسا، عندما بلغه تآمر فرنسا مع إنكلترا لتحطيم أسطوله في «نوارين»، عتاب يصفه «إلياس الأيوبي» قائلا: «يروى عن محمد علي أنه لما بلغه النبأ المزعج، نبأ تحطيم عمارته، قال بشخوص نظر ملؤه الأسف العميق: إني لا أدري كيف صوب الفرنساويون مدافعهم على أنفسهم، إيماء إلى ما كان يربط إمارة مصر بفرنسا من روابط الوداد المتين، وإلى أن المصالح الفرنساوية والمصالح المصرية في البحر الأبيض المتوسط كانت واحدة».
وقال سليمان باشا : «إن العرب- يقصد المصريين- هم خير من رأيتهم من الجنود، فهم يجمعون بين النشاط والقناعة والجلد على المتاعب مع انشراح النفس وتوطينها على احتمال صنوف الحرمان، وهم بقليل من الخبز يسيرون طوال النهار يحدوهم الشدو والغناء، ولقد رأيتهم فى معركة (قونية)- فى ديسمبر ١٨٣٢ واستمرت سبع ساعات وانتهت بهزيمة ساحقة للعثمانيين- يبقون ساعات متوالية فى خط النار محتفظين بشجاعة ورباطة جأش تدعوان إلى الإعجاب دون أن تختل صفوفهم أو يسرى إليهم الملل أو يبدو منهم تقصير فى واجباتهم وحركاتهم الحربية».
فاتجهت أنظاره إلى الفلاحين، وبدأ من نقطة الصفر فعهد إلى الكولونيل سيف بمهمة تكوين النواة الأولى من الضباط الذين سوف يعاونونه على تدريب الجنود المصريين فاختار له ٥٠٠ من خاصة مماليكه ليبدأ بهم واختار له أسوان لتكون معسكرا لهذه المهمة بعيدا عن مؤامرات الجيش المختلط، واستغرقت عملية التدريب ثلاث سنوات واعتنق سيف الإسلام وأصبح اسمه سليمان،
«محمد علي» لم يزد على «العتاب الرقيق» لفرنسا، عندما بلغه تآمر فرنسا مع إنكلترا لتحطيم أسطوله في «نوارين»، عتاب يصفه «إلياس الأيوبي» قائلا: «يروى عن محمد علي أنه لما بلغه النبأ المزعج، نبأ تحطيم عمارته، قال بشخوص نظر ملؤه الأسف العميق: إني لا أدري كيف صوب الفرنساويون مدافعهم على أنفسهم، إيماء إلى ما كان يربط إمارة مصر بفرنسا من روابط الوداد المتين، وإلى أن المصالح الفرنساوية والمصالح المصرية في البحر الأبيض المتوسط كانت واحدة».
Friday, January 3, 2014
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